Car noise test on snow-covered roads

Traffic Noise Annoyance on Roads (tnar)

Noise is known as one of the most frequently reported negative environmental effects of traffic. At present, according to the current standards and calculation specifications, the impact of road traffic noise is represented by the A-weighted energy-equivalent sound level (LA,eq). This quantity does not account for the subjective annoyance of sound events as it is perceived by the affected perso...

Representation of vegetation effects on the snow-covered albedo

Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures

Mobile Communication Test Methods for Car-to-car Test Benches

Historical variability in Northern Hetnisphere spring snow-covered area

Observed and reconstructed snow-cover duration data from stat ions covering southern Canada, the Great Plains, the former Soviet Union and China were used to reconstruct spring snow-covered area over North America (NA) and Eurasia from 1915 to 1985. A combination o[nine regions from NA and five from Euras ia were able to explain 81 % and 67%, respectively, of the variance in satellite-derived s...

Inferring Snow Water Equivalent for a Snow-Covered Ground Reflector Using GPS Multipath Signals

A nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm is used to estimate both snow depth and snow density for a snow-layer above a flat ground reflector. The product of these two quantities, snow depth and density, provides an estimate of the snow water equivalent. The input to this algorithm is a simple ray model that includes a speculary reflected signal along with a direct signal. These signals are t...